Channel 4 - RAY

Unit 25 

In this essay I will write about channel 4 and about the television programs they make like the Inbetweeners. so that I can have a wider understanding of what channel 4 do and stand for. i will firstly be writing about the ownership, ethos then looks at the funding , the content, commissioning process then move on to talking about the effects theory, useless and gratification and reception theory then finally moving on to the regulatory issues, the advertising and marketing and emerging technologies.

The Inbetweeners is a sitcom, cringe comedy series that E4 released in 2008 about a teenage boy and his 3 friends that attend a school called rudge park comprehensive.

Channel 4 began broadcasting in 1982 on the 2^nd of November. Channel 4 is a public service channel that is mostly self -funded but is also publicly owned co-operation. by having it fund it self this means that the government can not dictate what channel 4 do for instance what they decide to air and produced. 

Channel 4 is mostly entirely funded by its own income for instance through there sales of merchandising like for instance The Inbetweeners DVD box sets, Posters, T-Shirts and through advertisement for example all of channels 4s channels have at least 5 minutes of adverts be played in between programs and many of theses ads are made for content owned by channel 4 like New Girl, Hollyoaks and Made In Chelsea. They also do advertise other products/services that don’t belong to them because they have contracts with the owners that they have to run ads for their products a certain amount of times during a certain amount of time.  They also get funding by selling off their original content of programs like for instance they sold the Inbetweeners to an American company so that in America a similar show could be made there.  However, a big part of there finding comes from sponsors. 

Channel 4 also happens to own other channels such as More 4, E4 and Film 4 and also the online web site called 4OD where most of channels 4 content can be found. They only programs channel 4 actually make for them selves is the channel 4 new and channel 4 weather.

Channel 4 audiences is young adult age between 14 to 21 and the programs are there to teach young people about subjects they will not learn from anyone but through life experiences, and they do this by showing real people getting effected by there life choices and theses programs teach them life lessons they could only have learnt through experiences. 

The ethos of channel 4 is to demonstrate innovated experimentation and creativity in all their programs. Channel 4 has the idea to show a variety of different diverse programs and make new ground breaking programs that show cultural diversity and also educational values. Channel 4 wants to be unique to other mainstream broadcasting channels.

How the commission process works

Channel 4 has a strict amount of rules for their commissioning. you first select the commissioning editor you would like to submit the idea to and also a interactive commissioning editor if its apppropriate. it will take roughly 2 weeks for a commissioning editor to contact someone with good or bad responces but if they need more time to decide the person will be infomed.

If ether editor sees potential in the idea they will arrange a meeting and will discuss funding and possibly development money will be awarded. in this meeting it will be made clear to them whether the idea would possibly work with there other departments.

After the idea has been produced a production timetable would be agreed by the "Commissioning Editor, the Programme Finance Manager, Business Affairs",  The budget would then be "processed through three stages; the Commissioning Editor and Programme Finance Manager, the Head of Department and finally the Programme Finance Committee". 

After that a draft agreement would be negotiated "then issued and a final agreement will be signed at least six weeks prior to pre-production commencing. Once production is underway the press and marketing potential of your programme will be discussed. In post-production there will be timetabled viewings and any on-line content production will take place." 

this is a table showing the audience demographic 

On this table it shows the societies different social class categories. on this table is show that social class A are the ones that earn more money early and the ones that have more income. this table also shows that social class E are the lower class and the ones with the lowest income and the people that need financial help from the government.  

When making a television program it's important that the producers know there target audience so that when making a program they can have characters that the audience can relate to, they would also have to consider the setting that the filming would take place and the different type of jobs people would have and the steriotypical personality and the problems they would face int he society they live in.

For example, "Inbetweeners" would be for people aged 18-30 at a social grade "C2" and "D" and "Come dine with me" would be for people who are 20-40 and at a social class of "C1", "C2", "D"

this other table shows the audience psychographics 

Psychographics is a more detailed way to distinguish a target audience for instance by finding out what their likes and their needs.

The show inbetweeners targets the strugglers, succeeders, explorers this program is so successful because it has different characters that could relate to different audiences. for example, all the main character fit the struggler role. which targets many young people in todays society. For instance, they  eat junk food and buy lottery tickets. This attracts younger viewers because they can relate and laugh about the problems they have rather than be sat about it.  However inbetweeners also attracts "explorers" people who want to see different thing, people who want to encounter different situations. 

But on the other hand other programe like "Jersey Shore" For example, would appeal to an "Asprirers" audience. An audience that doesn't care much about program content but more about the appearance of the people in the show and the fashion sense that one might have. so this show is aimed more at materialistic people. 

By looking at the different audience types between shows i have come to the conclusion that the Inbetweeners audience are more nicer and less judgmental than the Jersey shore audience as they care less about appearance and more about having fun. 

When looking at demographic and psychographics the producer has an idea of what type of audience they want to aim for however having theses graphs doesn't necessarily show what audience it will attract. for instance, a person from social class A could like a program about strugglers or aspirers and  this shows that theses graphs are just a rough outline of the target audience people want to.  

                                                       

Media effects theories 

Hypodermic syringe theory 

This theory suggest that the watchers take in the programmes information and doesn't question anything that it being said. showing that the media can influence a passive audience to believe what they want them to believe and not thinking twice about it . a great example of this theory is the popular program "made in chelsea"the program is set in the way of a reality show and this makes the audience feel that the events that happen are real and that they are real peoples lives but it's not it was all planned in advance the only thing that isn't planned is the stripped of the characters. even though the audience know the event have been all planned they don't question that it isn't real and are addicted to keep watching more and more. another example of this is the inbetweeners the young group of men that are acting to be school boys go though strange situations but for some reason the audience don't question it they just accept and carry on watching.

Uses and Gratification theory 

Gratification theory is the opposite to hypodermic syringe theory instead of thinking that the media is influencing use this theory states that we use the media for are own entertainment and that the audience has the power to choose if they want to accept what is being shown and to believe what they are shown. a good example of this the the show "the 100" the audience can choose to accept the characters in the show however they won't accept that the events are true, they would choose to believe that they are actors playing characters and they event aren't real. but they choose to carry on watching because they enjoy the entertainment that the media gives. so this suggests that people use media as a form of pleasure escapism and also most importantly pleasure

Reception Theory

Reception Theory is the theory that the media has hidden messages included in their content and the audience interoperates it in what ever way they wish but in most cases the audience doesn't understand the hidden message involved so they fail to interpret it. However, some are able to decode the message that the producer was trying to convey. 

Ofcom 

Ofcom is the communications regulator. That regulates the media such as the TV and radio sectors and so on. 

Channel 4 has there own program lawyers and a compliance advisers that have had previous experience with regulatory issues. the lawyers and compliance advisers help channel 4, by giving advise tot he producers what might not be appropriate they also help with the legal issues they might come to terms with. the lawyers are also the ones that make the guidelines when is needed for programs and they are the ones that stand to defend channel 4s content form Ofcom. 

The popular program on channel 4 Benefit Street demonstrated the lives of people living on James turner street "A total of 887 viewers complained to the regulator, saying the show vilified and misrepresented benefits claimants."However, this time channel 4 was not in breach of its program because "According to Ofcom, though, it was clear the series was an observational documentary about one community in Birmingham's Winson Green area."

Channel 4 play their highly censored programs after the watershed after nine. this is so that channel 4 can change the type of programs they play, for a younger audience to an older mature audience. during the day channel 4 might play programs with the occasional swear word by holds there mature content for the night.   

Channel 4s programs get a variety of cult followers. theses followers offers are a great type of promotion for there programs. For instance, shows like "The Peep Show", "Hollyoaks" and "The 100"  there cult followers make online blogs and share there opinions on the show and they also talk about it through social media like Facebook, twitter, tumbler. they are also the ones that are going online to purchase box sets and other merchandise like T- shirts and necklaces. the followers are also the ones that spread the word to friends and family about the show and make channel 4 programs better known to a wider audience. 

NEW TECHNOLOGY 
Technology is growing and expanding everyday making it easier for people to watch their favourite tv show and films online for instance, channels like channel 4 make it possible to catch up on programs that have been missed by having all the episodes on there online website 4OD. Giving the viewers a chance to catch up and enjoy there shows at the touch of a button from there computers, laptops, phones and smart TV so on. by having this it increases channel 4 viewing ratings as they are constantly getting online views and making more fans of there content.

DVDs provide there owners with hours of entertainment, they are usually sold in local shopping stores like Asda, Tesco and Sainsbury but the most popular places that sell DVDs is HMV but some channels like channel 4 like to sell there own content form there own online stores. DVDs are slowly starting to become less popular due to streaming services. but most commonly theses online shops have a great deal of requests with box sets because people tent to want a hard copy more than just watching it online.

3D TVs make it now possible to have the full cinema experience from ones own home it makes the feeling even more special when watching ones favourite show at home and wacthing there favourite characters come out of the screen. having 3D TVs makes the audience feel fully connected to the program/show they are watching.

Programs on television tend to have interactive content like. For instance, the game show "Hugo"this show allowed the viewer to get involved. to this they had to call the production studio and this allowed them to take power of the characters in the game. they did this by using telephone buttons by there studio personnel.

Interactive tvs are starting to become the future they allow use to see the weather, news and sports.
panasonic has created a life wall with face face recognition technology. the idea of the life wall is to follow the viewer around the room and always give him the best view in any possible location. the wall adjusts size according to the distance of the viewer.

Internet streaming allows people to go online and watch programs, films online for free. however, you could be fined if discovered downloading illegal content.

RESOURCES 

http://media3.bournemouth.ac.uk/profstudies/5commissioning/03process.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-28086213

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_television

ACE charity advert evaluation - KAROL

Link below to watch my ACE charity Advert

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osTUW9pD4Qs

Evaluation 

I feel that my advert was very entertaining and really captured the audience’s attention right from the start. I feel that by making my advert have a hidden structure really made the audience question and wonder what the advert was advertising and I think that by making an advert like this it helped keep the audience interested and kept them watching right to the end. I also feel that by having my Ad look like an opening to a horror film made the audience feel sorry for the girl running but also made them feel more aware and scared for their own safety. My advert is set near a train station and this is one of the most common uses of transport by having this it helped the audience relate to the girl and i feel that this made my Ad have more of an edge to it.

However, by making my advert be more like a sequence from a horror film rather than for a charity I do feel that it made my advert lost some of its significant purpose. Because rather than persuading the audience to give money to the ACE charity and to inform them of what the ACE charity stood for. It showed the audience that poverty could affect anyone, at any given moment. I do feel that my ad was effective in giving an audience and emotional response but I don't feel it was very informative to what the charity do and stands for. 

If I could have improved on anything I would have included more information about the charity and the type of people they help. I also would have included a backing track of one of the mangers of ACE talking about the charity. I feel that if I would have included this it would have made the audience more aware of who and what ACE stands for. Also  the type of people they help, the donations people could give and so on, I feel that if I included thing my advert would have persuaded people to give more. 

Although, I didn't include this in my advert I do feel that the symbolical gestures I included also gave some of that information visually. For instance, my actor was a young girl and this showed the audience that the charity was to help young people and she was wearing a back pack this signified that she was making her way to school I feel that by having theses little details included it equally informed the audience who the charity was going to help. 

I feel that by having my edits be fast paced really helped my advert show the conventions of being a horror film. also the length made it easier watch  as it was  significantly shorter then most adverts which I feel made it easy to keep interested. I also feel that by having a narrative to my advert it made the audience want to see the end to see how things turned out for the young girl seeming as it showed the journey of a young girl. 

In my advert I had originally planned to include classical piano music. However, when trying to include it to my edited footage it just didn't seem to fit right. So instead of using the music I originally planned I used foley sounds of kids screaming, a woman crying and loud breath sound, with also a rapid heat beat sound but to top it all off I also added a fast paced chasing type music which I thought really suited the fast pace edits  I felt that by adding all these different sounds/music it really made the video have the feeling of suspense. 

Also I speeded up some of my running footage to make my actor come across as if she was running double the speed, this represent the fact that the fear in the character was dramatically increasing also this showed her desperation to wanting to get away. I also made sure I altered the brightness to make it look more sunny I did this to show that even on the sunniest of days people are still suffering from poverty around the world and I wanted the brightness to represent that even when the audience is happy someone else in the world is sad.

I feel that overall my video was made with a high quality standard and that it was nicely filmed I also liked the way I used a range of different angles to make it look interesting. However, I do feel in should of included more information about the ACE charity so that the audience would know a bit more about who, what, and why they should support ACE . But apart from that I feel the over all result came out pretty good. 

Evaluation -EMMA

Evaluation

Practice Run

Before filming my animation I wanted to test the different camera angles that I could possibly use and the different editing techniques that I could possibly use

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Am4xHNgOExg

Through the process I feel I learnt a lot about the main camera angles that I wanted to use such as close ups, wide shots and the different editing effects that I could potentially use. For instance unsharp mask. Through this I also saw that I needed more pictures to make the animation look more fluid because in the practice run it looked really jittery and unstable So by having done this practice run it helped me see all the things I needed to improve on like taking more pictures and having less angles so when editing it doesn’t look as shaky. 

Real animation  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_GNHzcmgZA 

I have chosen the adventure and fantasy genre with the idea that the board games come to life and in this animation I feel that it really represents what games would do if they had a life of there own. I choose my animation to be about board games because I thought it would be something new and different to watch. 

 I feel like the different soundtracks I included for each game really made my animation entertaining. I feel that by having each game playing around with there own music made the audience feel that each game had there own personality and I think that by having the games with music from old 90s video games which I feel really brought back childhood memories to the audience which made them favour some of the games more that others. 

I feel that my animation looked really fluid in some games, which I really liked. I also liked that I used the unsharp effect because it really made my animation look like a cartoon, which I thought looked a lot more interesting then just having the original pictures I feel that having my animation with this effect it made it more appealing to people, because I think that generally everyone loves cartoons.   

I think my animation would mostly be targeted for young adults because I feel that the narrative was a little hard to understand at the beginning because the story wasn’t very straight forward, which made it a little confusing to understand at first. However, nearing the end I feel that it became clearer to what was happening in the animation. If I were to change it I would add some voice-overs so that the characters in the scene could explain what was going on.  

I used a few different shots like for instance high angles, wide long shot, close ups and medium close ups. I think by have different camera angles it made each game scene more interesting to view rather then just having the same angle through out the scene. I think the angles I used where relevant and necessary to make each scene entertaining but if I was going to do it again I would involve more close ups to show certain board game pieces more than others.        

If I could have improved on any thing I would have improved on the background setting of each board game for instance instead of having each game be filmed in the control room I would have had different games in different room and showing the game pieces having travelled to each room so that the background would have looked more interesting rather than have it look as if its all been filmed in the same location with the plain white background.

Over all I enjoyed making and editing my animation and think it turned out pretty good. 

After having shown it to some people in my class they took my online survey and theses where the results.  

Animation survey results -EMMA

Animation -EMMA

Feel free to do my online survey- https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/2BRQTPJ

Animation proposal -EMMA

Chicken Run -EMMA

Timeline -EMMA

ACE CHARITY -KAROL

unit 30 -KAROL

Task one 

In this report I will write about the variety of structures and techniques used in different adverts I will also look at the characteristics of products and services, the regulation of advert and explain what a rate card is but first I will explain the different techniques used with examples.

Realist

This advert for life insurance portrays a situation that could potentially happen. These types of ads are done so people can see the potential problems that could arise and see an alternative. Having a subject that could occur in one’s life draws the audience in. However, the only down side to realist ads is that they aren’t very memorable.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zu-DqqsRmfw

Anti Realist

Anti realist is the opposite of realist it shows unrealistic situations that will never happen or be seen by an audience in real life. This is done to create humor or drab the attention of an audience. These types of ads are very good at entertaining and audience.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhtGBaEOEVs 

Animated

The john Lewis Christmas animated advert showed the story of a hare and a bears friendship. this advert was made by combining 2D hand-drawn animation, stop frame, and 3D model-made sets the disadvantages about making a animated advert is that they take a long time to produce and can be expensive. The advantages about having a computer generated image (CGI) is that in the advert we are able to see what would be impossible to capture.  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqWig2WARb0

This advert was made by creating each frame then putting them in a sequences that has been speeded up making the illusion that movement is happening.

Documentary

The “Think” advert is a documentary advert that is informative and makes people really think about the way they do things like for instance, in the ad it shows a collision between a car and a motor bike the edits is fast in this particular scene in the beginning when the scene starts off in the car on a road and the camera is placed as if it a passenger seat in the car then when the collision happens then the scene changes to the road outside the car at this point in time the camera comes across as being shaky as if it a view of by stander. Having it look as if the audience it watching what is happening really makes them see that it could happen to anyone and it makes the audience really think about what the advert is showing.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXI8-_9FrB4

Talking heads

Talking head adverts are ads that consist of people talking directly to the camera and addressing the audience directly to advertise a product for instance in this ad

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-2oLQhv1s8

The people are introducing themselves and talking directly at the camera by having them address the audience like they are there makes the audience feel like they know the people from the ad and this makes them want to listen more to what they have to say.   

Series

The BT Infinity advert is set out as a series for instance it shows a family and the different situations and events that happen to them but it also does this by promoting its product. by having this advert set out as a constantly developing story it helps the audience really feel involved to what is happening in the ad because they feel like the know the people and that they have a connection to them it also makes the audience relate to the family this kind of ad could help families cope with a similar situation they might have like, planning a wedding.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3O__TXhNIo

This advert shows the main character buying a dress. to some woman it can be seen as a stress full time in their life but by having an advert like this showing the woman. Buying a dress by having direct address it makes the audience feel more engaged and feel as if their opinion is valued. The ad includes a lot of medium close ups. Also come camera tracking.

There are a number of different techniques used to make adverts. Ads have two ways of presenting themselves one way is by being overt. Overt is when the audience knows exactly what the ad is advertising this is a commonly used technique used in ads for cars. However, other ads like to present their product at the end of their ads this is known as a hidden structure. Ads use this to keep an audience guessing and keeps them engaged, this techniques is usually used on lotto ads. There are also other techniques that can be used like. For instance,

Concern and fear, the type of ads that usually use this technique is insurance ads. These ads suggest the type of fears the audience might be feeling and gives a possible solution to it.

Solutions to a problem, theses type of ads show different scenarios of problems that a person might have with a vacuum. This ad might show the struggles and problems someone is having and then compares it with a new vacuum that won’t have the same problem. This is done so that a the audience can see what a product has to offer

Some ads use celebrity exploitation to convince a person to by a product. For instance, if a popular celebrates is shown on an ad the fans of the celebrity will automatically be attracted to the product and this makes the product increase in sales. This technique is commonly used in perfume adverts.

Emotional responses this techniques is mostly used for charities. This usually makes the audience feel as if they have to help, because they are the ones that can make the change.

Companies use unique selling points to draw their audiences. A USP is something different that only their product can offer a customer.

To make sure that advert are suitable to be shown on TV companies like Advertising Standards Authority and Office Of Communication need to review them.

ASA has power whether a commercial can be aired or not. They look to see if the ads are decent, honest also if they are legal. ASA plays a huge role in the commercial industry.

OFCOM plays a large part in the television industry ofcoms job is to try and protect their audiences from offensive and harmful things from being played on TV. ofcom looks into competitions, complaints and licensing policies.

Broadcasters Audience Research Board is a company that monitors what channels are the most popular at what times. This helps advertisers find out who their demographics is, this helps them understand who they are targeting which allows them to play certain commercials at certain times to hit a specific target audience. However, BARB is not only used by advertising companies but also by show producers they use it to see how popular their show is.

Even though organizations like BARB are used to get figures companies also like to get a clear view on who their target audiences they can do this by face to face feedback, interviews, focus groups, online surveys, demographics and psychographics. 

A rate card is a document that says how much money a product is and describes the different ad placements options. Rate card usually show the most one may pay.

Over all I have learned the different techniques and the structures used in adverts also how the audience is located also the different companies/organizations that advert need to pass before being shown on air.

unit 16 -KAROL

UNIT 16 FILM AND TELVISION EDITING 
history 
Cinematography was invented by the lumiere brothers in 1895. Cinematography was a gadget that allowed a person to capture, record sound and project motion pictures. However, in 1901 Edwin S Porter was the person who thought of the idea of editing. He saw that a film didn't have to be seen as just a still image. He thought of the idea of cutting and placing different scenes in different locations to tell different storylines. Later on in 1908 Mr D.W Griffith realised that he could use the same techniques that Edwin S Poters' used to cut inside the same scene. by doing this Griffiths came to the realisations that presentation of emotions could be shown through the different camera angeles not only the actors. this allowed Griffiths to change the emotions of his audience and make them feel more involved with his films. lev kulshove is known as one of the first film theorists. in 1910s he created the kulshove effect. kulshove effect is a phenomenon. it makes the audience want to know more from what is happening in the two shots than from a single shot.

Editing
the film editor, edits the footage. he/she does this by looking through the footage and selecting shots and putting them into sequences to make a film.

film 

film editing is when a editor works with film footage selecting specific shots and sequences to make a specific story line the editor is the person who influences the way a film will turn out. 

Following the action 

“following the action” technique is frequently used in action,adventure films. this techniques is commonly used in these genres because a lot of rapid movements is involved in a variety of the shots through out theses films.this technique is used so that it can capture everything that is happening in the shot as the camera follows the movements. this can be done by showing all the action from different angles.this techniques can be filmed using dolly shots and tracking shots. For instance, in the action film "James bond" the following the action technique is needed to give the audience the feeling of suspense and excitiment  

Multiple Points Of View 
The multiple points of view technique i used when more then one character is involved in a scene. this is used to show the point of each character. this is shown by having the camera show one character then cut to another until each character is shown.  

Shot Variation 

the Shot Variation technique is used in filming, to create a sequence of images using different camera angeles /movement. the kind of shots used are Wide Shots which are used commonly at the beginning to set the feeling of a scene. Medium shots are used mostly in scenes which include dialogue so that the narrative can be understood and also Long Shots are used to the main character,by having this shot it makes the viewer pay attention to the main character .

Manipulation of diegetic time and space 

This is when the editor speeds up the video showing the enviroment, subject or even person change through out a course of time. this is done so that more footage can be seen included in a scene to reinforce the fact that days or weeks have past. like for instance in the movie the karatie kid

   

Analogue Editing 

before digital editing was made possible analogue editing was a way people had to edit a film.analogue required physical editing for instance you would have use a splicer is used to cut footage you want from the film and then you would have to place pieces of film together physically in the sequence that you would want it to be showed in 

Digital Editing 

Digital editing was developed from analogue editing. digital editing is the editing of footage done on a computer using editing softwares like movie maker, Imove and final cut Pro. digital editing is very popular and a faster way to edit footage. it has also opened up a lot of doors to different editing styles and effects like for instance we can now change footage colour, add animations and also add text which couldn't be done with analogue.  

Seamless and Continuity editing 

Seamless and Continuity Editing is also known as invisible editing, this because of how well shots are put together that the edit isn't very noticeable DW Griffiths was the first to perfect this editing technique. Continuity editing ia what makes a video run smoothly from beginning to end and makes the audience focus more on the storyline rather that the different editing techniques used 

Motivated

A motivated edit can also be known as a motivated cut. this iswhen the scene cuts to another scene that wasn't in the previous frame. this is done in a wary way so that to the audinece it doesnt break the look of continuity.theses types of edits are usually justified by narrative for instance like Flashbacks,this is used to create a sense of tension and reverse shots.

Montage 

montage editing is when an editor selects some clips from some of the shots they have received and edits all the shots into a sequence. this is mainly done to show changes over time.

Jump-cutting 

jump cuts is a sudden cut from a shot to another. this cut is very noticeable and tends to be confusing to the audience. however even thought they can be confusing to see they really tend to grab the the audiences attention although it can also be used to make the audience feel a shock. 

Parallel Editing 

Parallel editing is when the editor has edited the film to show to different events going on at the same time, this can be used to give the audience more of insight on what people have seen or done. this can be also be called cross cutting. Parallel editing is used in film "The Godfather"

180* Rule 

the 180* rule was used in the silent era during the early years. this rule is used as a guideline showing the relationships between characters/objects. Axis is an imaginary line that connects the chracters. having this rule means that the cameras should stay on the side of the imaginary line.

Transitions

Editors use a variety of different transition to combine to scenes together they can use different types in editing like for instance, cut, fade , wipes,slides, dissolve and iris.

Point Of View Shot 

this is when the camera is placed so it looks like the eyes of the character and this makes the audience feel like they are the character. this technique is used to make the audience feel like they are the character them selves.

CUT 

cut is one of the most basic and common way to edit a film. as each piece of footage is played one after the other with no disruption. the transition are noticeable but are often used to show different camera angles.  

FADE

the fade effects can be used at any time during a film but most often fade ins are used in the beginning of films and fade outs at the end. fade is like the dissolve effect but instead of gradually going into another shot slowly disappears into the colour black. 

WIPE

wipe is when a shot travels from the side of the screen to the middle to replace a shot or cover a shot. this effect tends to be used in comedy films. 

DISSOLVE 

just like a cut a dissolve is used to link two clips together. A dissolve changes slowly into a scene by having the picture slowly disappear.  

CROSS CUTTING 
the cross cutting technique is used in films to show action happening in different locations at the same time for instance in the film inception

it shows two different people doing different things at the same time as each other

GENRES
Different genres try to use specific editing techniques with there genre for instance
action films use fast paced cuts but horror and thriller seem to sometimes use it to, but western films use cross cutting at some points to create the feeling of suspense.